(AP) — Nearly half of black men and 40 percent of white men are arrested at least once on non-traffic-related crimes by the time they turn 23. That’s according to a new study.

The estimates published this month by criminologists at the University of South Carolina and the University at Albany didn’t rely on arrest records but on an annual federal survey of 7,000 young people who answered questions from 1997 to 2008.

The authors found that by age 18, 30 percent of black men, 26 percent of Hispanic men and 22 percent of white men have been arrested.

By 23, those numbers climb to 49 percent for black men, 44 percent for Hispanic men and 38 percent for white men.